-
A persistent mouth ulcer: A sore that does not heal within about three weeks should be examined by a dentist or doctor.
-
Red or white patches: These may have several causes, but persistent patches need professional assessment.
-
Unexplained lumps: A new thickened area on the tongue, gums, or inner cheek should not be ignored.
-
Unusual bleeding or numbness: Repeated bleeding or persistent loss of sensation warrants evaluation.
-
Difficulty swallowing or speaking: Ongoing changes in swallowing, speech, or tongue movement require medical attention.
-
A persistent neck lump: Swelling in the neck that does not resolve should be checked.
These symptoms do not necessarily mean cancer. Mouth ulcers, infections, dental irritation, and other benign conditions can cause similar problems. The important point is to avoid repeatedly dismissing a change that persists or worsens.
Chapter 3: Who May Have a Higher Risk?
Several factors are associated with oral cancer, including tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly in cancers affecting the oropharynx.
Risk generally increases with age, although younger people can also develop these cancers. Poor oral health alone does not mean someone will develop cancer, and people without obvious risk factors can still be affected.
Reducing tobacco exposure, limiting alcohol, maintaining good oral hygiene, and attending routine dental appointments are sensible steps toward protecting oral health. HPV vaccination can also prevent infections associated with several cancers.