Cervical Cancer

The cervix is the part that connects the uterus and the vagina, covered by a thin layer of cells. Cervical cancer occurs when cells in this layer grow abnormally and uncontrollably. These abnormal cells multiply rapidly, forming a tumor in the cervix. If not detected and treated early, the tumor can spread and seriously affect the patient’s health.

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Warning Signs of Cervical Cancer

Early-stage cervical cancer often has no obvious symptoms. As the disease progresses, the following may appear:

• Vaginal bleeding outside the menstrual cycle or after sexual intercourse.

• Abnormal vaginal discharge: yellow or green pus-like discharge mixed with blood and a foul odor.

• Lower abdominal pain, back pain, or pain during sexual intercourse.

• Painful urination or blood in urine.

• Sudden unexplained weight loss.

If any of these symptoms occur, especially in combination, women should see a doctor immediately for diagnosis and early treatment. These symptoms can also appear in other conditions, so medical evaluation is crucial.

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Common Causes of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus, is identified as the cause of approximately 99% of cases. Risk factors include:

• History of HPV infection: the highest risk factor.

• Not being vaccinated: HPV vaccination can reduce risk, but many countries still do not have widespread vaccination programs.

• Smoking: increases the risk of cervical cancer.

• Family history: a family history of cervical cancer also increases risk.

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Is Cervical Cancer Curable?

The earlier cervical cancer is detected, the higher the chance of cure (living healthy for 5 years or more). Five-year survival rates depend on the stage:

• Carcinoma in situ (early stage): up to 96% if treated promptly.

• Stage I: 80–90% five-year survival.

• Stage II: 50–60% five-year survival.

• Stage III: 25–35% five-year survival.

• Stage IV (distant metastasis): less than 15% five-year survival.

If cancer recurs or spreads, over 90% of patients die within 5 years.

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Early Detection and Prevention

• Regular health check-ups and cervical screening are essential.

• Women should promptly visit a hospital if they notice abnormal vaginal discharge, unusual color or odor, lower abdominal/back pain, bleeding outside menstruation, or sudden weight loss. Early diagnosis and treatment greatly improve outcomes.